Identification of Risk Factor For Breast Cancer Among Female Patients in The Holy City of Karbala (Descriptive Study)

Abstract

Background: Among women, breast cancer stands as the second most common cause of death from cancer. Globally, its prevention continues to pose a serious challenge. However, early detection remains one of the most promising methods to control and reduce the burden of this disease. Objectives: This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with breast cancer among women in the Holy City of Karbala. The anticipated findings are intended to contribute to the development of public health strategies focused on early detection, prevention, and risk reduction, tailored to the specific needs and context of the local population. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, between July 2023 and June 2024.Data were obtained from the Al-Hussein Oncology Center (Al-Amal Building), Al-Hussein Hospital, and selected private clinics in Karbala. The questionnaire included socio-demographic information and potential risk factors such as age at diagnosis, age at menarche, menopausal status, number of children, age at first childbirth, breastfeeding practices, family history of breast cancer, hormonal disorders, hormonal use, dietary habits, and smoking. Ethical approval was obtained, and verbal consent was secured from all participants. Results: The majority of participants were under the age of 45, with a considerable proportion experiencing early menarche (before age12). Nearly half of the women were still menstruating, and most had between 5 to 6 children. The majority had their first childbirth between the ages of 21 and 29. Notably, a significant percentage reported a history of hormonal use, fast food consumption, and smoking. While 28.2% had a positive family history of breast cancer, 26.2% also reported hormonal disorders. These findings suggest the presence of several lifestyle and reproductive risk factors among the sampled population of women in Karbala. Conclusion: The study suggests that lifestyle-related factors such as hormonal use, fast food intake, and smoking may contribute significantly to breast cancer among women in Karbala. Most participants had no family history, and many were diagnosed at a young or reproductive age. These finding underscore the need for further local research to better understand and address the specific risk factor affecting women in this region.