Academic International Journal of Medical Update
type: channel
description: The Academic International Journal of Medical Update (AIJMU) is a peer-reviewed, open-access scholarly journal dedicated to the dissemination of timely, high-quality, and evidence-based updates across the medical and health sciences. The journal serves as an international platform for researchers, clinicians, academicians, and healthcare professionals to publish research and scholarly work that reflects current advances, innovations, and best practices in medicine and public health. AIJMU is committed to advancing medical knowledge by promoting the publication of original research, comprehensive reviews, systematic updates, and clinically relevant studies that contribute to improved patient care, healthcare delivery, and health policy. The journal encourages interdisciplinary and translational research that bridges basic medical sciences, clinical practice, and public health. The journal operates under a fully open-access publishing model, ensuring that all published articles are freely and permanently accessible online without subscription or registration barriers. This policy supports the global exchange of knowledge, enhances research visibility, and increases the accessibility and citation impact of published work. AIJMU follows a continuous publication model and is issued biannually (January–June and July–December). The journal publishes original research articles, review articles, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, case reports, clinical and medical updates, field studies, and scholarly commentaries that demonstrate scientific rigor, ethical integrity, and contemporary relevance. Mission The mission of AIJMU is to promote excellence in medical and health sciences by disseminating up-to-date, ethical, and methodologically sound research. The journal aims to foster international scholarly dialogue and collaboration while supporting research that informs clinical decision-making, medical education, and public health practice. Aims and Scope Aims Disseminate curre…
publisher: A.I.Publishers
language: en
publication name: Academic International Journal of Medical Update
issn: 2984-7761
items: Biochemistry of Inflammation: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Targets
items: Vitamin D Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review
items: Convenience And Preferability Among Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia on Iron Cheloter
items: Comparative Histological Evaluation of Stem Cell-Loaded Scaffolds in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Repair: A Comprehensive Analysis of Regenerative Efficacy
items: Identification of Risk Factor For Breast Cancer Among Female Patients in The Holy City of Karbala (Descriptive Study)
items: The Efficacy of Bleomycin Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Low-Flow Vascular Malformation
items: The Efficacy of Bleomycin Lipiodol in Reduction Size of Large Hepatic Hemangioma
items: The Effect of Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent
items: Functional Outcomes of Conservative Treatment of Recurrent Patellar Instability
items: Surgical Release of Gluteus Maximus Muscle Fibrosis and Its Effect on Hip Function
items: An Analysis of the Frequency and Progression of COVID-19 Infection in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Non-Diabetic Mellitus Pregnant Women
items: Role of Bacillus Clausii in Prevention of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea in Pediatrics
items: The Anatomical Measurements of The Soft Palate and Its Association with Snoring
items: Inguinal hernia cases in children who underwent surgery in Karbala hospitals
items: Helicobacter pylori: Challenges and Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Eradication
items: The Impact of COVID-19 on White Blood Cell Subpopulations and Inflammatory Markers
items: Comparison between the Serological and Molecular Methods for the Detection of Helicobacter pylori
items: Iron Receptor Antigen-Based Mucosal Immunization Prevents Urinary Tract Infection
items: Assessment of the Additive Effect of Oral Streptomycin with Traditional Regimen Therapy to Eradicate H-Pylori
items: The Role of Genetics in Neurological Disorders: From Rare Diseases to Common Conditions
items: Association the Level of Glutathione S-Transferases with GST Genotyping in Automotive Maintenance Workers
items: Marfan Ailment
items: Associations Between Pesticide Chemical Exposure Students with Respiratory Infections and Asthma Symptoms in Iraq
items: Assessing the Role of Neurosurgical Consultation in The Treatment of Isolated Linear Pediatric Skull Fractures
items: Ghrelin and Leptin Changes Post-Sleeve Gastrectomy
items: The Impact of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
items: An Association Between Diabetes Mellitus With Blood Groups, Leukocytes and Serum Bilirubin
items: The Role of Plants on Cancer Patients
items: Correlation Study Between Shortness of Breath, Fever, Severe Cough, and Hypoxemia in Corona Patients
items: A Brief Review of Commonly Used Indices for the Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance

Biochemistry of Inflammation: Molecular Pathways and Therapeutic Targets
type: item
description: Inflammation is a complicated biological process of response to harmful factors; it is associated with a complex of molecular processes that include a great number of signalling pathways, mediators, and cellular interactions. The biochemical mechanisms of inflammation include activation of pattern recognition receptors, mobilisation of inflammatory cells and release of several mediators such as cytokines, chemokines and lipid derivatives. The knowledge in these molecular pathways has become crucial in coming up with specific treatment interventions. The paper reviews the most important biochemical pathways of inflammatory responses, major signalling cascades, inflammatory mediators, and new therapeutic targets. The latest progress in the research on the resolution phase of inflammation and the involvement of specific pro-resolving mediators is also discussed. Inflammatory networks are multifaceted: this has its own challenges and opportunities in terms of therapeutic intervention, and in the treatment of both acute and chronic inflammatory conditions, a variety of new targets are currently investigated.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: inflammatory signaling pathways; pattern recognition receptors; cytokines and chemokines.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Haider Jasim
creator: Ahmed Abdualzhra Alnoor
creator: Zahraa Haider Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 34
ending page: 45
doi: 10.59675/U325

Vitamin D Toxicity: A Comprehensive Review
type: item
description: Although very infrequent, vitamin D toxicity is an important clinical issue that has serious clinical implications. This is a disease mainly caused by overdosing on the supplement and is expressed through hypercalcemia and the related complications. Clinical manifestation extends from very mild gastrointestinal symptoms to cardiovascular and renal dysfunction that is life-threatening. Healthcare providers need to understand the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment measures. This review will analyze the existing data on vitamin D toxicity with a focus on its biochemical pathways, diagnostic skills, and treatment care.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Vitamin D toxicity; Hypervitaminosis D; Hypercalcemia; Vitamin D overdose; Calcium metabolism
  topic: keywords
creator: Barakat Wathiq Alawadi
creator: Zahraa Jasim Abed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
starting page: 28
ending page: 33
doi: 10.59675/U324

Convenience And Preferability Among Patients with Sickle Cell Anemia on Iron Cheloter
type: item
description: Background: SCD is a chronic hemolytic disease that is significant and has a broad spectrum of complications. The value of blood transfusion in SCD is becoming increasingly evident. If left untreated, the resulting iron excess can be life-threatening. Parenteral infusions are necessary for chelation therapy with deferoxamine, which can have a detrimental effect on drug adherence and quality of life. Methods: Deferoxamine (20-50 mg\kg\day) or oral deferasirox (20-40 mg\kg\day) was administered to 97 patients in a 2:1 randomized fashion. A total of 60 patients have received this medication previously. Results: At the end of each interval of questioning, a significantly greater number of people who passed the time up and took medication were either (satisfied\ delighted) with deferasirox or identified the treatment as {preferable\very preferable} compared to deferoxamine (p = 0,001). Deferasirox resulted in fewer hours lost from daily activities than deferoxamine in those patients. At the conclusion of the investigation, most patients expressed their willingness to continue their oral therapy (84 vs 11%). Conclusions: Therefore, patients with SCD are more satisfied with deferasirox, as it exerts a lesser impact on daily activities than deferoxamine. Enhanced quality of life is associated with a high level of satisfaction. The improved treatment outcome is associated with high oral chelation adherence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iron-chelation therapy, iron-excess, sickle-cell illness
  topic: keywords
creator: Kamal Rawdhan Mohaisen
creator: Alaa MutarJebur Al Shabbani
creator: Hussein Mohammed Ghazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-11-15
publication date: 2025-11-15
starting page: 20
ending page: 27
doi: 10.59675/U323

Comparative Histological Evaluation of Stem Cell-Loaded Scaffolds in Oral and Maxillofacial Tissue Repair: A Comprehensive Analysis of Regenerative Efficacy
type: item
description: Aim: The objective of the research is to evaluate and compare histological and histomorphometric research of DPSC-based collagen scaffold and autologous bone graft in oral and maxillofacial tissue regeneration. Methodology: Wistar rats were three groups of adult male rats. Critical-sized alveolar bone defect (5 x 4 mm) was generated in both the right and the left mandible ramus symmetrically in all animals. Group A was given autologous bone graft, Group B was given collagen hydrogel scaffold that was seeded with dental pulp stem cell (DPSCs), and Group C was given acellular scaffolds. Sampling of the animals was done at specified times postoperative, and the animal specimens were examined under hematoxylin and eosin, trichrome Masson and CD31 immunohistochemistry; histomorphometry was employed to measure epithelial thickness, percent collagen deposition, micro vessel density, and bone formation. Findings: The autograft and control group had significantly lower values than Group B at 21 st days (61.5 ± 3.5 um and 39.2 ± 2.8 um respectively) in terms of epithelial thickness. The stem cell-loaded scaffold had a percentage of 64.1 ± 4.0% collagen deposition compared to that of autograft group (46.8 ± 3.5) and control group (25.3 ± 2.6), a fact that was significantly high. The number of microvessels density in group B was significantly more in each of the groups (12.1 ± 1.2 vessels/high-power field) than the group A (7.2 ± 0.8 vessels/high-power field) or group C (3.8 ± 0.3 vessels/high-power field). Quantitative bone histomorphometry revealed that day 21 Group B bone had approximately 60.3 ± 4.2% of the defect space filled with the new bone formation which was considerably greater than in the autograft group (41.7 ± 3.5%), and the control group (20.9 ± 2.6%). Conclusion: DPSC-collagen scaffold has been established to be an improved therapeutic modality in oral and maxillofacial tissue regeneration due to the regenerative capacity of the triad components; the cell, scaff…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Oral tissue engineering, Dental pulp stem cells, Scaffold technology, Histological analysis, Regenerative medicine, Bone regeneration, Angiogenesis, Tissue repair.
  topic: keywords
creator: Samim S. M. Baker
creator: Shaymaa Rasheed Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-15
publication date: 2025-09-15
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.59675/U321

Identification of Risk Factor For Breast Cancer Among Female Patients in The Holy City of Karbala (Descriptive Study)
type: item
description: Background: Among women, breast cancer stands as the second most common cause of death from cancer. Globally, its prevention continues to pose a serious challenge. However, early detection remains one of the most promising methods to control and reduce the burden of this disease. Objectives: This study aims to identify the risk factors associated with breast cancer among women in the Holy City of Karbala. The anticipated findings are intended to contribute to the development of public health strategies focused on early detection, prevention, and risk reduction, tailored to the specific needs and context of the local population. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 103 women diagnosed with breast cancer in Karbala Governorate, Iraq, between July 2023 and June 2024.Data were obtained from the Al-Hussein Oncology Center (Al-Amal Building), Al-Hussein Hospital, and selected private clinics in Karbala. The questionnaire included socio-demographic information and potential risk factors such as age at diagnosis, age at menarche, menopausal status, number of children, age at first childbirth, breastfeeding practices, family history of breast cancer, hormonal disorders, hormonal use, dietary habits, and smoking. Ethical approval was obtained, and verbal consent was secured from all participants. Results: The majority of participants were under the age of 45, with a considerable proportion experiencing early menarche (before age12). Nearly half of the women were still menstruating, and most had between 5 to 6 children. The majority had their first childbirth between the ages of 21 and 29. Notably, a significant percentage reported a history of hormonal use, fast food consumption, and smoking. While 28.2% had a positive family history of breast cancer, 26.2% also reported hormonal disorders. These findings suggest the presence of several lifestyle and reproductive risk factors among the sampled population of women in Karbala. Conclusion: …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Breast Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Women’s Health Iraq / Karbala, Early Detection of Cancer.
  topic: keywords
creator: Ola Abdulwahhab Muslim
creator: Aysar Abbood Jebur Al Jebur
creator: Luay Hashim Mohsin
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-09-29
publication date: 2025-09-29
starting page: 10
ending page: 19
doi: 10.59675/U322

The Efficacy of Bleomycin Sclerotherapy in the Treatment of Low-Flow Vascular Malformation
type: item
description: Background: Low-flow venous malformations (VMs) are a class of vascular anomalies that are recognized by dilated or ectatic, thin-walled channels that are often involved with cosmetic sensitive areas or functionally crucial areas. Sclerotherapy has become the mainstay of treatment, and bleomycin is of great interest for its safety and efficacy. Objective: To evaluate the clinical outcomes, safety, and thrombotic response associated with ultrasound-guided bleomycin foam sclerotherapy in patients with low-flow VMs. Methods: In this prospective, single-center study, 2​3 patients (mean age 25.22 ± 17.30 years; 52.2% female) were treated at a triage practice in Baghdad. All patients received ultrasound-guided bleomycin foam injections intralesionally with a standardized maximum of 5 mg/session. The number of sessions (1-6 sessions), pre- treatment and post-treatment lesion sizes, and the development of a thrombotic reaction were recorded. Clinical outcomes were assessed using Doppler ultrasound and clinical examination at a four-month follow-up. Results: Lesion location was predominantly on the face (43.5%), in addition to some involvement on the limbs and trunk. Most patients required one or two treatment sessions (Mean ± SD: 2.52 ± 1.50). Statistically significant decreases in dimensions were shown for the lesions (D1: decreased by 0.93 cm (p = 0.001) & D2 decreased by 0.66 cm (p = 0.001)). Complete thrombosis of their lesion occurred in 56.5% of cases, with partial regression in the rest. No significant complications occurred. The only minor adverse effects reported were transient erythema and local swelling (11.5%). Conclusion: Bleomycin sclerotherapy safely and effectively treats low-flow VMs, producing significant volumetric reduction and thrombotic response with limited morbidity. This data support its wider use in mixed-anatomical presentations, particularly where aesthetic or functional outcomes are vital.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Low-flow venous malformations, Bleomycin sclerotherapy, Vascular anomalies, Thrombotic response.
  topic: keywords
creator: Duraid Mahmoud Jamil
creator: Haider Fadel Salman
creator: Zaid Hadi Hammoodi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 48
ending page: 58
doi: 10.59675/U316

The Efficacy of Bleomycin Lipiodol in Reduction Size of Large Hepatic Hemangioma
type: item
description: Background: Hepatic hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors of the liver. Most hepatic hemangiomas are asymptomatic but can be symptomatic or sufficiently large for therapeutic intervention (usually considered if > 4–5 cm). Transarterial embolization (TAE) for hepatic hemangioma provides a minimally invasive option using bleomycin and lipiodol and is becoming more commonly used, but prospective studies evaluating its efficacy have been limited. Methods: A cohort prospective study was performed to investigate the effect of transcatheter arterial embolization on large hepatic hemangiomas (>5 cm) in 16 adult patients (15 females, 1 male; mean age 38 ± 7.7 years), who presented with symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas for 6 months or longer. All patients underwent TAE with a combination of 15 IU bleomycin and 10 mL lipiodol. Hemangioma size and volume were measured by triphasic CT imaging pre- and post-TAE at a mean follow-up of 9 months. Duration of symptom resolution and complications following TAE were also recorded. Results: Following the embolization, mean lesion diameters were significantly decreased by 25.75% (craniocaudal), 20.06% (transverse), and 24.1% (anteroposterior) (p < 0.001). The mean volumetric reduction was 65.2%. Every patient experienced clinical improvement of their pain, discomfort, and abdominal fullness. There were no major complications, transient post-embolization syndrome was self-limited. Conclusion: TAE with Bleomycin/Lipiodol seems to be a safe and effective minimally invasive approach for large symptomatic hepatic hemangiomas. The reduction in the size of the lesion, significant symptom relief, and durability, suggest its place in the management strategy as an alternative to surgery. Larger multicenter studies, with extended follow-up studies, would add further evidence to the results found in this review.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hepatic hemangioma, Bleomycin, Lipiodol, Transarterial embolization, Minimally invasive therapy, Liver tumor.
  topic: keywords
creator: Haider Fadel Salman
creator: Duraid Mahmoud Jamil
creator: Mustafa Saleem Khassaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-06-23
publication date: 2025-06-23
starting page: 38
ending page: 47
doi: 10.59675/U315

The Effect of Chitosan as an Antimicrobial Agent
type: item
description: This study investigates the antimicrobial properties of chitosan nanoparticles against Proteus mirabilis, which is the primary cause of urinary tract infection. Chitosan nanoparticles were synthesised, which are 10–65 nm in size, exhibiting a spherical morphology. Characterisation techniques, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), confirmed their properties. One hundred urine samples were collected from patients at Al-Hindiya Teaching Hospital, Karbala, Iraq, between February and April 2024. Out of these, 63 were positive for Proteus mirabilis, which were confirmed through PCR detection of the ureR gene. Antimicrobial activity of chitosan nanoparticles was evaluated at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 mg/ml, with inhibition zones ranging from 10 mm to 18 mm. These results implied that chitosan nanoparticles may be effective alternatives to traditional antibiotics.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hassanain Jwad Abidalhussein
creator: Zainab Shamkhi Jaber
creator: Muthana Alboedam
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Journals Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-05-11
publication date: 2025-05-11
starting page: 27
ending page: 37
doi: 10.59675/U314

Functional Outcomes of Conservative Treatment of Recurrent Patellar Instability
type: item
description: Background: Patellar instability is a common orthopedic condition, particularly among young individuals and females. It is characterized by discomfort during knee flexion or sports activities and accounts for approximately 2-3% of all knee injuries. The incidence rate is 5.8 per 100,000 in the general population and 29 per 100,000 in the 10 to 17-year-old age group. Contributing factors to patellar instability include acute trauma, anatomical abnormalities, and muscle imbalances, which can lead to chronic instability and issues with the patellofemoral joint (PFJ). Objective: This study aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes of conservative treatment in patients with recurrent patellofemoral joint instability using a combination of exercises targeting the vastus medialis oblique (VMO) muscle. Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted between December 2023 and July 2024 involving 10 female patients (mean age 30 years) with recurrent patellofemoral joint instability. Patients were treated with VMO strengthening exercises for six months. The functional outcome was assessed using the modified Lysholm knee scoring scale. Pre and post-treatment scores were compared to evaluate the effectiveness of the conservative management approach. Results: All patients showed improvements in knee function after six months of exercise therapy. The average post-treatment scores indicated good to excellent knee function in the majority of the cases. Conservative treatment reduced pain, improved joint stability, and minimized the risk of recurrent dislocations. Conclusion: Conservative management, including targeted VMO exercises, effectively improves knee function and reduces the recurrence of patellofemoral joint instability in non-traumatic cases. Surgical intervention remains necessary for severe or recurrent cases unresponsive to physiotherapy
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Patellofemoral joint instability, Vastus medialis oblique, Medial patellofemoral ligament, Lysholm knee scoring scale.
  topic: keywords
creator: Muslim A. Abbaas
creator: Durgham H. Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 70
ending page: 78
doi: 10.59675/U2211

Surgical Release of Gluteus Maximus Muscle Fibrosis and Its Effect on Hip Function
type: item
description: Objective: To assess the functional and surgical outcomes of the surgical release of gluteus maximus muscle fibrosis by open conventional technique and to assess its effect on hip joint function. Methods: This study followed a group of cases for 20 months, from November 1, 2022, to June 30, 2024. The case study included ten patients with the diagnosis of GF who were treated surgically in the Department of Orthopedics in Al-Hussein Medical City in Karbala. The study included patients Under 18 years old with moderate (level II) or serious (level III) gluteal fibrosis (GF). And excluded patients with mild (level I) gluteal fibrosis according to Zhao et al.'s classification. Any past or current conditions that affect the hip, such as hip dysplasia, septic arthritis, slipped capital femoral epiphysis, or Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Past injuries or surgeries to the hip or spine that might impact how the hip moves. The patients have a mental illness that prevents them from following instructions. Patients with neurological diseases that limit hip movement. And patients with a history of frequent muscle injections. Results: Sample's characteristics: The study involved 10 patients with bilateral GF, of which six were men. The participants' ages ranged from 6 to 13 years, with a mean age of 9.8 years. Of the 20 hips examined, 11 were classified as Level III MA GF, while 9 were classified as Level II MA GF. Functional evaluation: Before surgery, all 20 hips had low usable functional scores, with an average score of 3.6. In the follow-up after surgery, there was a noticeable change in how well patients were doing, with all of them achieving great results, averaging a functional score of 9.7. The p-value was under 0.001, which shows this result is very significant. Range of motion: After surgery, there were notable improvements in movement. The average range of motion improved from -3.6 degrees to 21.2 degrees for abduction, with a p-value of less than 0.001. For flexion, it we…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Surgical release, gluteus fibrosis, and hip function.
  topic: keywords
creator: Durgham H. Jasim
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-02-25
publication date: 2025-02-25
starting page: 17
ending page: 26
doi: 10.59675/U313

An Analysis of the Frequency and Progression of COVID-19 Infection in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared to Non-Diabetic Mellitus Pregnant Women
type: item
description: Background: The general population is less at risk for COVID-19 problems than pregnant women. COVID-19 severity may increase with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). This study examined COVID-19 incidence, clinical symptoms, and maternal and neonatal outcomes in pregnant women with and without GDM. Methods: This retrospective cohort study examined 30 pregnant women aged 15-38 years with confirmed COVID-19 infection at a hospital in Iraq from September 2021 to March 2022. Participants were divided into a GDM group (n=15) and non-GDM group (n=15). COVID-19 symptoms, pregnancy complications, and maternal outcomes were recorded and compared between groups. Results: COVID-19 infection occurred in 63.3% of the GDM group compared to 36.7% of the non-GDM group. Fever, cough, dyspnea, diarrhea, and constipation were the most common COVID-19 symptoms. The GDM group had higher rates of preterm delivery (31.6% vs 18.2%), abortion (21% vs 9.1%), hospital admission (47.4% vs 18.2%), and oxygen supplementation (21.1% vs 18.2%) compared to the non-GDM group. Conclusions: Pregnant women with GDM exhibited a notably higher incidence of COVID-19 infection and experienced worse maternal and neonatal complications compared to those without diabetes. GDM represents an important risk factor for augmented COVID-19 severity and adverse pregnancy outcomes. These findings have implications for clinical monitoring and management of pregnant populations with GDM during the pandemic.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Assessment, Insulin Sensitivity, Insulin Resistance
  topic: keywords
creator: Inaam Faisal Mohammed
creator: Nadia Hasan Hussein
creator: Dalila Adil Hasan
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-12-25
publication date: 2023-12-25
starting page: 10
ending page: 20
doi: 10.59675/MU122

Role of Bacillus Clausii in Prevention of Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea in Pediatrics
type: item
description: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) occurs when prescribers are compelled to use antimicrobials for appropriate medical indications. Although awareness about AAD has increased during the past 40 years, no single or combined therapy has been found to effectively prevent it or help in rapid recovery from it in the pediatric age group. Therefore, the present interest in probiotics due to the catastrophic effects of the overuse of antibiotics and the need to curtail the problem of AAD in the growing pediatric population. Many probiotics have the potential to be effective for the prevention of AAD, yet the bacterial spore Bacillus clausii stands out among them as the antibiotic can be administered concurrently with the antibiotic therapy. The safety and efficacy profile of Bacillus clausii speak for itself; it is not surprising that it is one of the most common probiotics used in pediatric practice. However, a few doubts linger due to the half-decade of exploitation in clinical work and capsule formulation
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD), Antimicrobials, Probiotics, Pediatric population, Bacillus clausii
  topic: keywords
creator: Lames H. Almansee
creator: Ban Abbas Kareem
creator: Sumaya Mohammad Obayies
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-24
publication date: 2024-12-24
starting page: 55
ending page: 60
doi: 10.59675/U229

The Anatomical Measurements of The Soft Palate and Its Association with Snoring
type: item
description: Background: Snoring is a prevalent health concern affecting a large portion of adults, with variations in soft palate anatomy playing a critical role in its severity. This study explores the association between specific anatomical features of the soft palate and the occurrence and severity of snoring. The objectives of this study were to investigate dimensional variations in the soft palate between snorers and non-snorers, analyze the relationship between soft palate tissue properties and the intensity of snoring, and identify anatomical markers that may predict an individual's susceptibility to snoring. Methods: A prospective case-control study was conducted with 200 participants (100 snorers and 100 non-snorers) recruited from Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Soft palate dimensions (length, thickness, width, angle, and tissue density) were measured using advanced imaging techniques. Snoring was assessed through polysomnography, sound level measurements, and partner questionnaires. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26.0. Results: Snorers exhibited significantly longer (37.8 ± 4.2 mm vs. 32.4 ± 3.8 mm, p < 0.001), thicker (11.2 ± 1.8 mm vs. 8.7 ± 1.5 mm, p < 0.001), and wider (15.6 ± 2.1 mm vs. 13.8 ± 1.9 mm, p < 0.05) soft palates compared to non-snorers. Higher Mallampati classes (III and IV) were more common among snorers (60% vs. 20%). Correlations were observed between Mallampati classification and soft palate dimensions, with increasing class associated with greater length, thickness, and width. Conclusions: This study identifies significant anatomical differences in the soft palate associated with snoring. Elongated, thicker, soft palates and steeper angles between the soft and hard palates were linked to increased snoring severity. These findings highlight the potential for anatomical assessment to guide the diagnosis and management of snoring and related sleep disorders. Further research on dynamic soft palate imaging during sleep is recommended.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Snoring, Soft palate anatomy, Snoring severity, Soft palate dimensions, Mallampati classification.
  topic: keywords
creator: Raed H. Ogaili
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-25
publication date: 2024-12-25
starting page: 28
ending page: 39
doi: 10.59675/U124

Inguinal hernia cases in children who underwent surgery in Karbala hospitals
type: item
description: Background: Groin and scrotal swellings are a common occurrence in pediatric patients and have been observed, diagnosed and treated during surgical practice. It is important and necessary to study the factors associated with inguinal hernia in children, in order to control and manage it optimally. Objective: To study the normal distribution and significant differences in inguinal hernia cases in pediatric patients, and the most important factors associated with it. Setting and Design: A study was undertaken in Karbala hospitals Department of Surgery, for a periodic time from (1\1\2023) to (14\2\2024). Children who were aged one day to 13 years were selected for the study. Out of 500 children who were admitted to the surgical ward, the children had inguinal hernia, 475 male and 25 female. Age groups was between one day and 13 years old, outcome of death zero. Methodology: The specifics of the clinical history and examination were gathered as precise clinical diagnostics, with surgically confirmed therapeutic approaches deemed appropriate. The acquired data was examined using SPSS statistical tests. Results: The inguinal hernia in the study group was between one day and 13 years old. One day – 3 month = 163 cases, 3 – 12 month = 130 cases, 1 – 3 year = 158 cases, and 3 – 13 year = 49 cases. While the Hernia sac content was as the following classify: small bowel = 456, appendix = 29, ovary = 5, sigmoid colon = 5, and omentum = 5 cases. There is significant differences (abnormality distribution), because the tests of normality is equal to .008, in SPSS statistical study. Conclusions: Inguinal hernia in children is a common congenital condition that surgeons encounter when examining patients and there are difficulties in identifying and confirming the condition in the presence or absence of inguinal hernia. This study helps in knowing the necessary management to control hernia cases in different age groups of children, as there is a difference in the characteristics of i…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Inguinal hernia, Pediatric patients, Surgical ward.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hasan Mohammed Ridha
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-01-25
publication date: 2025-01-25
starting page: 11
ending page: 16
doi: 10.59675/U312

Helicobacter pylori: Challenges and Advances in Diagnosis, Treatment, and Eradication
type: item
description: A common and extensively distributed "Helicobacter pylori" still poses a serious risk to public health. "H. pylori" infections can cause various stomach problems, such as inflammation, gastroduodenal ulcers, and cancers; therefore, it is essential to discover and treat them early to stop their progression. To reduce or perhaps completely eradicate "H. pylori," people must be informed of the bacteria and the health risks it poses. Raising the bar for the present diagnostic, eradication, and alternate treatment approaches is therefore essential. Furthermore, a succinct review of conventional and innovative methods that have successfully detected and treated "H. pylori" is required. The best diagnostic strategy necessitates considering several variables, including the test and lab equipment that are accessible in addition to the patient's clinical traits. Studying H. pylori's pathophysiology and pathogenic pathways is also necessary, emphasizing the virulence factors that cause infection. As a result, this reappraisal intends to illustrate the several "H. pylori" diagnostic, pathophysiological, therapeutic, and eradication strategies available, highlighting both their benefits and drawbacks. And the emergence of stomach cancer. Noninvasive techniques include stool examinations, breath tests, serological testing, invasive methods like fast urease testing, biopsy, or culture. In conclusion, there have been significant advancements in "H. pylori" testing and treatment, immunizations can eliminate disease.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Infection, Helicobacter pylori, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, Challenges.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nisreen Jawad Kadhim
creator: Saeed Hameed Lafta
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-06-29
publication date: 2024-06-29
starting page: 43
ending page: 52
doi: 10.59675/U216

The Impact of COVID-19 on White Blood Cell Subpopulations and Inflammatory Markers
type: item
description: Background: COVID-19 is a disease of the zoonosis class and much has come to light since the onset of the pandemic in December 2019. Understanding COVID-19 pathophysiology is crucial for its effective treatment. The present study is conducted to observe the haematological changes associated with COVID-19 infection among a cohort of Iraqi patients. Methods and Design: A retrospective cohort study involving confirmed (60) COVID-19 patients and (20) individuals in the control group admitted to Al Karama Teaching Hospital in Al-Kut Wasit Province, Iraq. Data captured included complete blood counts (CBC), C-reactive protein (CRP), and D-dimer levels. The statistical analysis covered t-tests for between-group comparison and multiple linear regression to ascertain the associations between the haematological parameters. Results: The COVID-19 patients had a significantly higher total white blood cell count, with a mean of 17.1575 than the control groups of 8.7005 (p > 0.001). COVID-19 patients also had significantly greater mean lymphocyte counts (mean 55.365) compared to controls (mean 29.79; p > 0.001), suggesting the presence of lymphocytosis. The COVID-19 patients also showed significantly higher mean neutrophil count (mean 82.9205) than the control group (mean 60.369; p > 0. The mean levels of CRP were 75.74667 in COVID-19 patients, which is significantly higher compared to 3.11 as observed in the control group (p > 0.001). Similarly, the mean D-dimer levels were higher in COVID-19 patients at 2319.7 compared to 336.65 in the control group (p > 0.001). The correlation analysis shows a high negative correlation between WBCs and neutrophils and a moderate positive correlation between CRP and D-dimer, which reflects the complex interplay between inflammatory and coagulation processes. Conclusion: This study highlights striking haematological changes in COVID-19, characterized by lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, and activation of inflammatory and coagulation markers. It underli…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: COVID-19, Lymphocytes, Neutrophils, CRP, D-dimer
  topic: keywords
creator: Zinah Shakir Shallal
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-12-24
publication date: 2024-12-24
starting page: 61
ending page: 69
doi: 10.59675/U2210

Comparison between the Serological and Molecular Methods for the Detection of Helicobacter pylori
type: item
description: Background: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is a worldwide health issue associated with chronic gastritis, stomach ulcers, and neoplasms. Management requires an accurate diagnosis, and the currently available technologies can be divided into molecular and serological approaches. Every approach has advantages and disadvantages, highlighting the importance of comparing. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency, reliability, and usefulness of serological and molecular methods for detecting H. pylori infection. Methods: In 2023, a cross-sectional study was performed in Wasit Province, Iraq. Five hundred forty-one volunteers aged 15 to 65 years showing dyspeptic symptoms submitted blood samples for analysis. Serological testing utilized ELISA to identify IgG and IgM antibodies, whereas PCR was performed for the molecular detection of H. pylori DNA. Data were analyzed to assess sensitivity, specificity, and demographic correlations. The prevalence of seasonal swings was also evaluated. Results: The frequency of H. pylori was nearly the same across males (270) and females (271). The most considerable prevalence was observed in the 26–35 age group, with seasonal peaks during the summer, especially in July. PCR had superior sensitivity and specificity relative to serology, although it required advanced resources. Serological tests offered significant epidemiological findings, although they could not differentiate between active and past infectious diseases. Conclusion: Serological tests are useful for epidemiological investigations, but molecular methods are more accurate. A combined diagnostic strategy improves clinical and public health measures, especially in resource-limited regions. Seasonal and demographic changes require specific measures.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Helicobacter pylori, Gram-negative helical bacteria, gastrointestinal mucosa , Elisa IgM, IgG. PCR
  topic: keywords
creator: Zinah Shakir Shallal
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2025-01-15
publication date: 2025-01-15
starting page: 1
ending page: 10
doi: 10.59675/U311

Iron Receptor Antigen-Based Mucosal Immunization Prevents Urinary Tract Infection
type: item
description: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a leading bacterial infection worldwide caused by Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Despite the apparent ease of treatment, they carry an enormous health and economic burden because of the extent of relapses and resistance to anti-infective agents. This study aimed to develop a UTI vaccine that targets the iron acquisition systems of UPEC. With the help of functional vaccinology, six outer membrane iron receptors (ChuA, Hma, Iha, IreA, IroN, and IutA) were selected as possible vaccine candidates for further studies. Mouse models were immunised intranasally with recombinant antigens Hma, IreA, and IutA, mixing cholera toxin as an adjuvant. The humoral and cellular immune responses raised in vaccinated mice were highly robust. Immunisation conferred protection in specific locales, such as Hma to the kidney and IreA and IutA gave immunity to the bladder. This study is the first to describe specific immune protection against UPEC in a mouse model, as characterised by significant increases in antibody IgA in urine and IgG in serum, as well as the proinflammatory cytokines IL-17 and IFN-γ. This study provides proof of principle for iron acquisition pathways to be targets for vaccine development against UTIs. As iron is an essential nutrient for UPEC, vaccines directed at iron acquisition systems provide an excellent basis for future multivalent subunit vaccines that can alleviate the burden of UPEC infections.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Urinary tract infection (UTI), Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), UTI vaccine, Iron acquisition systems, Outer membrane iron receptors.
  topic: keywords
creator: Lames H Almanseekanaa
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2023-12-25
publication date: 2023-12-25
starting page: 40
ending page: 49
doi: 10.59675/U125

Assessment of the Additive Effect of Oral Streptomycin with Traditional Regimen Therapy to Eradicate H-Pylori
type: item
description: Recently, an increased incidence of gastrointestinal disorders due to the overgrowth of H. pylori bacteria has been noticed remarkably. One of the clinical manifestations of H. pylori overgrowth is the increased incidence of gastric ulcers. The first line of therapy that is used frequently is triple antibiotic therapy plus gastric reducing agents, notably proton pump inhibitors (P.P.Is). Streptomycin (SM) is an injectable aminoglycoside antibiotic that has enhanced activity on gran-negative microbes. To evaluate the additive effect of SM when used orally on eradicating H. pylori by standard triple therapy. 109 patients were enrolled in this study with a gastroenterologist diagnosed with gastric ulcer caused by H. pylori colonization; 60 patients received triple therapy with oral SM, and the rest received only standard triple therapy. After 14 days of treatment, a urea breath test was done again (after baseline reading), and statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of SM. The Results showed that there was a significant difference in the degree of response to triple therapy plus SM as compared to using triple therapy alone.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: gastric ulcer, H pylori, triple therapy, streptomycin, urea breath test.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hayder Mohmmed Bakr
creator: Aysar Abbood Jebur AL-Jebur
creator: Abeer Saad Abeid
creator: Walaa Khalid Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-11-06
publication date: 2024-11-06
starting page: 52
ending page: 54
doi: 10.59675/U228

The Role of Genetics in Neurological Disorders: From Rare Diseases to Common Conditions
type: item
description: Neurological disorders result from neurological diseases affecting the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves and include rare genetic diseases like Huntington’s disease and spinal muscular atrophy, as well as common diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy. These conditions are strongly influenced by genetics, and genetics contribute to the onset, the progression of the disease, the severity of symptoms and treatment responsiveness. Genetics is relevant not only to inheritance, but also to de novo mutations, polygenic risk factors and gene environment interactions that contribute to the clinical phenotype of these disorders. Although the many mutations and heredity patterns of neurological conditions have not been worked out completely, genetic research has come a long way to help us learn more about these conditions. Single gene mutations are invaluable particularly for rare disorders for early diagnosis and targeted interventions. For instance, predictive gene testing such as checking for the HTT gene mutation linked to Huntington's disease allows people to learn if they are at risk of the disease early on — before their symptoms develop. On the other hand, most common neurological disorders involve genetic landscapes much more complicated, with small increases in risk due to more than one gene. Since epigenetic factors and certain environmental factors can further influence these risks, prevention is always in order. For example, people with APOE ε4 allele are more likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease but lifestyle factors such as dietary and exercise may reduce this risk. Such complexity emphasizes the necessity for complete studies, including genome wide association studies (GWAS), epigenetics, and transcriptomics to define molecular mechanisms of these multifactorial disorders. Genetic testing has recently become one of the most important tools in neurology, allowing us to make early diagnosis with great precision and to offer a compr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: neurological disorders, Genetic mutations, multifactorial conditions, Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing
  topic: keywords
creator: Nuha Majeed Farhan
creator: Lubab Mohammed Awad
creator: Intisar Masier Abd
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-16
publication date: 2024-10-16
starting page: 35
ending page: 43
doi: 10.59675/U226

Association the Level of Glutathione S-Transferases with GST Genotyping in Automotive Maintenance Workers
type: item
description: The present study aims to investigate the GST level with GST null genotyping in automotive maintenance workers; null genotyping's PCR and PCR-SSCP were used in the present study, including GSTT1, GSTM1, and GSTP1) with detection of GST level in the serum. The present study found sig changes in the mean of age between groups (p 0.000), nonsig changes in BMI, and non-sig changes in elevation in GSH between groups; the work duration was (7.68±4.88) years. The results of the present study show that (37.5%) of cases have deletion mutation in GSTT1 in significant association (p 0.0495). In contrast, the deletion mutation in GSTM1 was not observed in study groups. The haplotypes of GSTP1 found single and double haplotypes, both haplotypes observed in cases and control group in non-sig differences (p 0.8548); the correlation between GST level with age, BMI and duration showed weak inverse correlation (r -0.141, p 0.434) with age. a Weak positive correlation with duration (r 0.099, p 0.589) and a weak inverse correlation with BMI (r -0.046, p 0.798) in the case group. In the control group, a weak inverse relation with age (r -0.280, p 0.157) and a weak inverse relation with BMI (r -0.131, p 0.514). According to GST gene genotyping, the GST levels were shown to slightly elevate the GST level in the group with GSTT1 deletion in case of non-sig differences (p 0.475). The slight changes between case and control in non-significantly (p 0.247), no significant changes between the groups have normal GSTM1 (p 0.093), the output referred to elevation GST level in the case with single haplotype in non-sig differences (p 0.094), others showed slight changes in non-significant differences also, conclusion: we can conclude that the GSTT1 was a strong association with an automotive technician but GSTM1 and GSTP1 have no affected in this employee, on the other hand, the GST level don't changes by this employee, also didn't affect by GST genotypes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: GST, Null Genotyping, Automotive Maintenance workers.
  topic: keywords
creator: Alyaa Aziz Gubair Al-Nasrallah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-16
publication date: 2024-10-16
starting page: 44
ending page: 51
doi: 10.59675/U227

Marfan Ailment
type: item
description: Marfan syndrome is a connective tissue abnormality that leads to various system diseases, such as enlargement of the long bones and problems with the skin, heart, and eyes [1]. The condition is either caused by a novel mutation or an inherited mutation of the fibrillin-1 gene (FBN1). Both mutations are phenotypically identical [2]. The heritable variant is inherited by an autosomal dominant pattern, which means that the disease can be caused by a single copy of the defective gene [3,4]. People who don't have a positive family history of the condition can nonetheless get the disease from de novo mutations. 25% of Marfan syndrome cases are believed to be caused by a novel mutation in the FBN1 gene, although these cases are less common than those with inherited mutations [5,6]. The prevalence of Marfan syndrome varies from 1 in 5000 to 1 in 10,000; there is no discernible racial, ethnic, or gender preference [7].
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Marfan Syndrome, Connective Tissue Disorder, Fibrillin-1 Gene (FBN1), Genetic Mutation, Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
  topic: keywords
creator: Ola Abdulwahhab Muslim
creator: Hayder Mohammed Bakr
creator: Abdulhussain Kadhim Jwaziri
creator: Kawther Mohammed Radah Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-10-03
publication date: 2024-10-03
starting page: 31
ending page: 34
doi: 10.59675/U225

Associations Between Pesticide Chemical Exposure Students with Respiratory Infections and Asthma Symptoms in Iraq
type: item
description: Background: There are relationships between pesticide chemical exposures (PCE) found in schools, and not enough research has been done on schoolchildren's allergies and respiratory health. In order to provide objective assessments of the PMECs that young students are exposed to in the classroom and to establish a link between schoolchildren's respiratory infections and asthma and exposure to major air pollutants found in classrooms, a survey was carried out in a sizable sample of primary school classrooms in Iraq. Methods: Children from a randomly chosen sample were the subjects of a cross-sectional study that also included a case-control analysis of public schools in Karbala. A total of 500 pupils from six junior primary schools in Karbala (mean age 10 years, SD 65.7) took part (97% participation rate). Results: The study included a physician visit with skin prick testing for common allergens, an exercise-induced asthma (EIA) screening test, and a parent-completed standardized health questionnaire. Out of 500 youngsters, 10 (2%) had a persistent respiratory condition. Although not very large, the baseline difference in mean age was statistically significant. Conclusion: Children in Iraq who were exposed to pesticides had long-term respiratory problems and illnesses.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Nisreen Jawad Kadhim
creator: Riadh Hnewa
creator: Fadhl ALzamili
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Journals Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
date: 2024-08-29
publication date: 2024-08-29
starting page: 23
ending page: 30
doi: 10.59675/U224

Assessing the Role of Neurosurgical Consultation in The Treatment of Isolated Linear Pediatric Skull Fractures
type: item
description: Objective: Head injuries represent a significant issue for emergency pediatric care. Most brain injuries are rather minor. The majority of individuals experience positive results even when computed tomography (CT) reveals abnormalities. Our goal was to assess the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and clinical course of pediatric patients with head trauma. Score of 15, in which aberrant findings on cranial CT were observed, in order to ascertain the influence of radiographic characteristics on the necessity of hospitalization and the course of clinical care. Methods: Patients under the age of five to thirteen who had inaccessible mild head injuries, GCS scores of fifteen, aberrant CT results, and who were admitted to the emergency room between July 2021 and August 2023 were retrospectively examined. Results: The study involved ninety patients. There were 55 patients (66%) who were male, and (5–13 years). Hospitalization was necessary for eighty-six (85%) of the patients, with a median stay of one day (one to five days). Repeat CT was performed on sixty-eight (70%) of the patients, and radiographic progression was seen in 15 (25%) of the patients. Two patients (3%), out of the ten patients, required surgery for their subdural or epidural hematomas. No radiological or clinical deterioration was observed in patients with a single skull fracture or subarachnoid hemorrhage. Conclusion, even when CT scans reveal abnormalities, surgery may not always be necessary for individuals with head injuries aged 5 to 13 who take a GCS score of 10. Patients with isolated skull fractures before subarachnoid hemorrhages, in example, may not always need to be hospitalized. To validate the results of this investigation, a validation study is required.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Samir F. Hassan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-08-29
publication date: 2024-08-29
starting page: 15
ending page: 22
doi: 10.59675/U223

Ghrelin and Leptin Changes Post-Sleeve Gastrectomy
type: item
description: Background: Ghrelin and leptin may regulate metabolism and appetite. Ghrelin, a newly discovered orexigenic gastric hormone, is produced when the stomach is empty. This may explain why morbidly obese people fail to diet, hence the recommendation for bariatric surgery. Leptin, a well-known adipokine, inhibits food intake and circulates at fat-mass-related levels. Aim of the study: To evaluate changes in the ghrelin and leptin level post-laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. And their relation to changes in appetite and weight loss. Methods: This prospective study examines adult patients' clinical and lab data for pre- and post-sleeve gastrectomy at Al-Hussain Medical City and Al-Kafeel Hospital in Karbala. The study included 48 obese individuals (36 females and 12 males) with a mean age of 35.5 ± 8.9 years and a BMI of 42.4 ± 5.6 kg/m2. Clinical data comprised pre-surgery body weight, height, hunger, and ghrelin and leptin levels. Patients were seen 2–5 months following surgery for follow-up. Results: Significant decreases in plasma ghrelin (p<0.0001) and leptin (p<0.0001) were detected. Patients reported a considerable appetite reduction post-surgery (p <0.0001). Serum ghrelin (p = 0.0004) and leptin (p = 0.003) decreased significantly compared to hunger fluctuations following surgery. The average patient weight loss was 20.2 kg, and excess weight loss was 36.4 ± 10.8%. All patients achieved an 8 kg/m2 weight loss and a 46 ±16.6% excess weight loss while controlling comorbidities such as diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea. Conclusion: Significant reduction in ghrelin and leptin levels post-surgery. Significant correlation between decrease in ghrelin and leptin concentrations and decrease in appetite post sleeve gastrectomy.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Bariatric surgery, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, leptin, ghrelin, appetite.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sabah Kareem Al Hussaini
creator: Sameer Ghafil Shannan Al wazee
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-29
publication date: 2024-06-29
starting page: 21
ending page: 32
doi: 10.59675/U214

The Impact of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) Protocols in Colorectal Cancer Surgery
type: item
description: Background: Surgery represents the main treatment for patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer, but it may also be associated with severe complications, longer recovery periods, and poorer oncologic outcomes. The chance to perform surgery in a more quiescent patient could provide extremely interesting results. That's where the ERAS programs find their rationale. Materials and Methods: We reviewed studies available in the literature between January 1, 2010, and February 28, 2021, referring to the effectiveness of the ERAS programs specifically in the surgical field dedicated to colorectal cancer. Results: ERAS protocols, associated with surgery, are now well established. Several known medical complications, severe pain, and a slower return of motor functions after surgery seem to be the most distressing issues on patient recovery paths. Aiming to resolve these problems, several evidence-based strategies seem to be able to outdo these scenarios, helping to create a magical synergy, thanks to which the employed synergic measures would lead to a better, less painful, and less complicated patient journey. Conclusions: The ERAS approach seems to be able to significantly reduce the length of stay, medical costs, disability, pain, and physiological stress responses, through the improved delivery of a range of integrated, evidence-based interventions aimed at providing value for the patients, hospital organization, and healthcare system, providing benefits for both patients and hospitals, from the human and economic point of view.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ERAS, Protocols, Colorectal Cancer
  topic: keywords
creator: Hossam Hosny
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2023-12-25
publication date: 2023-12-25
starting page: 21
ending page: 27
doi: 10.59675/U123

An Association Between Diabetes Mellitus With Blood Groups, Leukocytes and Serum Bilirubin
type: item
description: Blood groups play an essential role in the incidence of diabetes mellitus type two and are considered predisposing factors. The Center of diabetes mellitus / Marjan Hospital recorded 117 cases of diabetes and followed for other identifications. Blood analysis was done in the Hematology laboratory in Al – Mustaqble University. Blood group A+ was associated with a high incidence of type 2 diabetes (52%), while blood group O+ and O- were the lowest percent (2.5 %) for both of them. Blood groups AB+ and B+ were distributed in diabetic patients (10%) for each. The percentage of Rh+ factor in diabetic patients was 87%, Whereas the Rh- was 13%. Serum bilirubin is inversely associated with insulin resistance in adult people. Bilirubin was increased at the beginning of diabetes but decreased with duration. White blood cells decreased in number in comparison with the control group, and the percentage of lymphocytes in diabetic patients also decreased. These results prove a significant relationship between blood groups and diabetes mellitus.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Diabetes Mellitus,
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood Groups,
  topic: keywords
subject: Leukocytes,
  topic: keywords
subject: Serum Bilirubin.
  topic: keywords
creator: Khairy Abdullah Dawood
creator: Basma Abd Alkhalq Eidan
creator: Hassanain Jwad Abidalhussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2024-06-10
publication date: 2024-06-10
starting page: 15
ending page: 20
doi: 10.59675/U213

The Role of Plants on Cancer Patients
type: item
description: Background: Traditional herbal medicine has been used for centuries to help cancer patients manage the difficulties associated with the disease and its treatments. This form of medicine utilizes various plants to provide beneficial effects such as immune system support, stress reduction, pain relief, and addressing emotional difficulties. Objective: The objective of this study is to highlight the potential benefits of traditional herbal medicine in helping cancer patients cope with the challenges they face. The focus will be on how combining multiple plants tailored to each patient's needs can achieve the best results in terms of providing hope and improving overall well-being for both the patients and their loved ones. Results: The results of this study show that traditional herbal medicine has the potential to offer cancer patients significant benefits. By utilizing a combination of plants personalized to each patient's needs, this form of medicine can provide support for the immune system, reduce stress, alleviate pain, and address emotional difficulties. These benefits contribute to an overall improvement in the well-being of patients and their loved ones. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings of this study support the use of traditional herbal medicine in helping cancer patients manage the challenges they face. By recognizing the potential benefits of combining multiple plants tailored to individual patient needs, this form of medicine offers hope and improved overall well-being for those affected by cancer. Further research and consideration of traditional herbal medicine as a complementary therapeutic approach for cancer patients is warranted.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Plant-derived compounds,
  topic: keywords
subject: Traditional medicine,
  topic: keywords
subject: Cancer treatment,
  topic: keywords
subject: Phytochemicals,
  topic: keywords
subject: Antioxidant effects.
  topic: keywords
creator: Z Abdul Alamir Mezher
creator: Hiba Mahdi Mahmood
creator: Abeer Saad Abeid
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-31
publication date: 2024-05-31
starting page: 08
ending page: 14
doi: 10.59675/U212

Correlation Study Between Shortness of Breath, Fever, Severe Cough, and Hypoxemia in Corona Patients
type: item
description: Our current research includes a study of the correlation between some of the most important symptoms associated with infection with the corona virus, and hypoxia in the blood, especially after its attachment to the wall of the epithelial lining of the pulmonary alveoli sacs directly, and the completion of the incubation cycle in the lungs as well. And it is known that infection with the corona virus leads to poor performance and function of the lungs in the required manner before infection, due to the exposure of the wall of the pulmonary alveoli to inflammation through a significant increase in its thickness. The number of patients indicated for each month, and the total number for the year, which is about (8999) patients , through which we can determine whether there is a significant difference between them or not, in addition to that we can show through the percentage of each type of symptoms that appear on corona patients (fever, sever coughing, shortness of breath: 75 %, 68 %, 34 %) respectively, the relationship between them and oxygen level in the blood. Objective: Observing the most important symptoms that lead to hypoxia in the blood, and controlling them, which leads to a gradual improvement in the patient's condition, and this study gives a qualitative clarification in the possibility of controlling the infection. Methods: Collecting statistical data from a group of specialized medical clinics in Karbala Governorate and documenting them for a full year according to the months of the year for the period from 7/2021 to 7/2022. Results: Samples collected from a group of outpatient medical clinics from different regions of the city of Karbala, for the period from July 2021 to July 2022, corresponding to the data of World Health Organization (WHO). The study of the correlation between the symptoms represented by fever, shortness of breath, severe cough, and hypoxemia is done on the third stage in particular. Conclusion: We conclude from our current study that …
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Shortness of breath,
  topic: keywords
subject: Fever,
  topic: keywords
subject: Severe cough,
  topic: keywords
subject: Hypoxemia.
  topic: keywords
creator: Hassanain Jwad Abidalhussein
creator: Aseel Abdulridha Shilba
creator: HebatAllah Mohammed Khudair
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2024-05-30
publication date: 2024-05-30
starting page: 01
ending page: 07
doi: 10.59675/U211

A Brief Review of Commonly Used Indices for the Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity and Resistance
type: item
description: Insulin resistance (IR) results when the response to the physiological actions of insulin is reduced. Approximately, 45% of adults around the world have some degree of IR. This reduced responsiveness to insulin action leads to a variety of clinical conditions like metabolic syndrome which includes a group of deranged clinical and biochemical profile including increased body weight, elevated blood pressure, an abnormal lipid panel, and intolerance to glucose. The hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp (HEC) remains the gold standard technique but it is cumbersome, costly, time consuming, and liable for operator errors. Hence, different indices assessing insulin sensitivity were introduced. Some of these indices can, in part, be calculated utilizing fasting levels of insulin and glucose whereas others are calculated following performing metabolically provocative tests like the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). This article will review different techniques and parameters that are currently being used for the assessment if insulin sensitivity and resistance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Mudhafar S. Khazaal
creator: Rawaa Hamid Abdulshahed
creator: Alaa Khalid Ali Alabbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 Academic International Journal of Medical Update https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
date: 2023-07-02
publication date: 2023-07-02
starting page: 01
ending page: 09
doi: 10.59675/U121